Abortion: Make It Illegal

Dallas Chambers Mrs. Dough puncher English 112 03/26/13 Abortion: Make It Illegal Some individuals accept that there is nothing amiss with premature birth, and that it is totally good. In the interim others accept that premature birth is murder paying little mind to how far along the child has created. Regardless of what an individual accepts, fetus removal isn't the correct decision. I accept that each youngster has the privilege to live regardless of whether the mother is youthful or not monetarily secure. Fetus removal is the end of a guiltless youngster. There are numerous reasons why fetus removal ought to be illicit: morally and physically.There are numerous reasons why ladies decide to have a premature birth. Some are narrow minded and others are sacrificial, or to shield themselves or the kid from future mischief. The childish reasons incorporate that having an infant would meddle with school/work, that they can't bear the cost of an infant or that they are having issues with their loved one. These are just reasons for not having any desire to acknowledge duty regarding their activities. A portion of the benevolent reasons incorporate clinical issues, either with the mother or kid, and on the grounds that the lady was assaulted. These are the two principle qualifiers for this argument.Some ladies state it is their entitlement to pick whether they need to prematurely end an infant. This is valid and that privilege is secured in the Constitution. Additionally, in the Roe versus Swim Supreme Court case in 1973, the Court decided that fetus removal is a woman’s key right. In any case, while considering a fetus removal a lady isn't simply settling on a decision about her own life, she is choosing whether or not to end another. It is fine to settle on a choice when it just concerns one individual, yet when it is a choice for that individual and somebody who can't represent themselves it isn't fair.There are a lot of different choices to look over inste ad of prematurely ending a child. These ladies could part with the infant to a caring family who can’t consider youngsters or who has medical issues. They could have the infant received, allowed it is difficult to part with a youngster however it is better than ending it and never allowing that kid to develop. There are open appropriations and shut receptions. It is anything but difficult to track down a spot to orchestrate an appropriation considering in today’s society the world is readily available. On the off chance that an individual looks on Google they can discover a lot of sites that can organize adoptions.For model, just in North Carolina there is achildshope. com, christianadopt. organization, littleangelsadoption. net and some more. A lady could likewise place the child in the child care framework or take the â€Å"path less traveled† and keep the infant themselves. It is smarter to have a kid and offer them to a meriting home or couple than to end it before he/she even got an opportunity. Consider it. Any of the lives ended could wind up turning into a specialist, attorney, or even the following Einstein. Another explanation not to end a life is on the grounds that fetus removal can mess wellbeing up to the lady who gets it.These medical issues don't just incorporate physical yet in addition mental. Some physical symptoms of fetus removal are dying, drain, contamination, irritation of organs, and expanded danger of unnatural birth cycle later on. Some mental reactions incorporate nervousness, despondency, utilization of liquor and maryjane, and furthermore self destruction. Fetus removal can cause numerous medical issues and may even execute you, also it is ending the life of an unborn child†¦ Why might a mother chance that? Nonetheless, on the off chance that there are chance factor welcomed on by a pregnancy, at that point the subject of right or wrong gets more complicated.Either the mother or the child’s life co uld be at serious risk. On the off chance that the mother might bite the dust by bringing forth the kid, at that point it isn't directly for anybody to keep her from ending the pregnancy, in the event that she decides to do as such. Likewise, if the kid will be at death's door from the snapshot of birth, than the mother ought to have the option to decide if she ought to end the life of that youngster. Another qualifier would be if the lady was assaulted. A lady ought not need to persevere through the torment of pregnancy when it was not her decision to have sex in the first place.However, a lady can't simply go to a center and state they were assaulted. There must be a police report on document expressing that the lady was assaulted so as to proceed with the fetus removal. Premature birth has been an exceptionally questionable subject for as long as hardly any years and all through all the discussions with respect to it I have heard some extremely fascinating remarks settled on by t he Pro-Choice devotees. A portion of these remarks incorporated that ladies ought to have the option to settle on their own choices, the infant isn’t alive until it leaves the belly, and it is smarter to slaughter an infant than have it endure in a family who doesn’t need it or can't accommodate it.While all ladies reserve the privilege to choose how to manage their bodies, they all need to accept obligation regarding their activities too. On the off chance that a lady is made a beeline for work and beverages a fifth of vodka before getting in the vehicle to drive there, that is her decision. Be that as it may, on the off chance that she winds up murdering somebody she can’t simply state â€Å"well, I’m genius choice† and afterward leave. That lady would need to confront the outcomes of her activities and go to prison. For what reason is it any extraordinary to execute an individual outside of the mother’s belly than it is the point at which the youngster is still within it?Either way a person was murdered. Regardless of whether they were conceived at this point or not is superfluous. â€Å"A infant isn’t alive until it leaves the belly. † Some individuals do accept that a child isn't alive until it takes its first breath, which is during childbirth. In any case, regardless of whether you consider the infant alive right now of origination or not, the infant will develop into an individual and for somebody to end the child’s life before it gets an opportunity to develop and create isn't right. The main good end of pregnancy is through unsuccessful labor and no one has power over that.As recently expressed, there are different choices than simply keeping the â€Å"unwanted† youngster. There is child care, open reception and shut selections. All in all, premature birth is ethically and morally off-base. It is the end of an unborn youngster and a lady ought not be permitted to end a pregnancy wi th no outcomes. There are a lot of different alternatives to browse other than simply ending a pregnancy. This is the reason fetus removal ought to be unlawful in the United States.

How to Write an English Essay: Tips For Beginners

How to Write an English Essay: Tips For BeginnersWriting a good English essay is not a piece of cake, but it is definitely doable. Knowing how to write an English essay can make a huge difference in the success of your writing career. With so many sources available, how do you go about selecting the right essays?Most of us are used to writing letters, or sending important documents to family and friends. Writing an essay requires you to create a document that is unique and stands out above the crowd. Having the right materials, tools, and strategies at your disposal can make a big difference.One of the first things you need to know about writing an English essay is that the style and format are two different things. An essay is more than just a formal written document. It is essentially a conversation between the writer and the reader. In order to learn how to write a good essay, you have to know the different aspects of the essay style.The first step is to have the right perspective . Focus on the facts, and the language of the essay. Keep in mind that a good essay should be filled with substance, as opposed to superfluous fluff. It is also important to keep your own point of view in mind, so that you can be objective about your subject. The reader should have a reason to stay and read your essay.Next, decide on the topic. An essay usually begins with a thesis statement, which points out the basic problem or question the writer is trying to answer. The topic should be known ahead of time, as you may have questions you would like answering. It is best to state your topic in advance, since you will need a clear idea of the direction you want your essay to take. There is no point in rushing your idea, especially if you are unsure of how to approach the topic.Next, make a list of the various topics you would like to cover. Also, think about your ideas for a start. This is where you will begin to narrow down your essay. Always be sure to write your outline first.Onc e you have listed your topics, write down each topic or question you have about each topic. This way, you will have a reference point when writing your essay. This will help you place your points within a logical and well-defined framework. Also, you will be able to answer your questions with authority.With these tips, you will be well on your way to learning how to write an English essay. There is no better way to get started.

Police Misconduct Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Police Misconduct - Research Paper Example blameworthy men to walk the road and honest men to sit in prison, governments ought to have suitable measures set up to shield people in general from police wrongdoing. 1) Carnell, Yvette. Dont Shoot! A Case for Reigning in Rogue Cops. The Atlanta Post. 3 May 2011. Web. 27 May 2011. . 4) Indian Diplomats Daughter, 18, Sues for $1.5m over police Cells Toilet Humiliation | Mail Online. Mail Online. 25 May 2011. Web. 27 May 2011. . 5) Kaariainen, Juha, Tomi Lintonen, Ahti Laitinen, and Joycelyn Pollock. The Code of Silence: Are Self-Report Surveys a Viable Means for Studying Police Misconducts? Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention 9.2 (2008): 86-96. Print. 6) Man Shot multiple times by Billings Police Officer Sues for Excessive Force. The Republic. 20 May 2011. Web. 27 May 2011. . 7) Miller, Joel, and Robert C. Davis. Unloading Public Attitudes to the Police: Contrasting Perceptions of Misconduct with Traditional Measures of Satisfaction. International Journal of Police Science and Management 10.1 (2008): 9-22.

Mother-Daughter Relationship in Breath, Eyes, Memory - Literature Essay Samples

Sophie Caco, in Breath, Eyes, Memory, quotes her mother, â€Å"There’s a difference between what a person wants and what’s good for them† (72). In Edwidge Danticat’s novel, there is conflict between what Sophie wants and what her mother, Martine, believes is good for her. While Sophie wants to live in the great realm of Providence, her mother has a specific idea of what is good for her daughter—remaining pure until marriage, being the ideal, obedient daughter, and studying to become a doctor. The narrative voice in Breath, Eyes, Memory conveys how Sophie wholly violates her mother’s concept of what is good for her; Sophie becomes free from Martine in order to seek her Providence because she wants to finally put behind her the anguish of her mother’s horrifying past.Martine’s horrifying past is one of the things that links her to her daughter. The ultimate impression Sophie gets of her mother before a six year time lapse in the n arrative is the tragic story of how she was born. Part One ends with Martine divulging to Sophie that, â€Å"A man grabbed me from the side of the road, pulled me into a cane field, and put you in my body† (61). Martine and Sophie are now both linked by a rapist. Although Sophie does not say it explicitly, the narrative voice connotes that she knows deep in her heart that whenever her mother sees her she is reminded of that horror of the night she was raped, making Sophie feel more and more disconnected from her mother. This extremely important revelation which Martine explains in such a calm, mollified tone shows that Martine doesn’t want her daughter to be angry or grief-stricken; instead, she wants Sophie to learn about her past and bring her closer to her. Martine’s idea of what’s good for her, knowing about her father and Martine’s own past, conflicts with Sophie’s idea of what she wants to know. Otherwise, there would not have been a s ix-year gap between the time she was told of her mother’s rape to the following scene.Martine feels it necessary to tell her daughter the importance of ‘testing’ because as a tradition in her family the idea of keeping the child clean and pure is of utmost priority. She explains to Sophie, â€Å"When I was a girl, my mother used to test us to see if we were virgins. She would put her finger in our very private parts and see if it would go inside†¦The way my mother was raised, a mother is supposed to do that to her daughter until the daughter is married. It is her responsibility to keep her daughter pure† (60-61). As Sophie’s mother, Martine feels it is her duty to explain the reasoning behind testing her because it is what’s good for her. Again, although Sophie does not want to have this done to her, that’s not important to Martine because it needs to be done. Even her Tante Atie hated it, but it was necessary.Throughout the novel , Martine tries to fit her daughter into a perfect frame and be a certain person that Sophie tries to break away from. Although this is yet another way of bringing Sophie closer to her, Martine only pushes her away even further. When Marc asks Sophie what she wants to be, she says, â€Å"I want to do dactylo, be a secretary† (56). Martine, however, insists that, â€Å"She is too young now to know. You are going to be a doctor† (56), indicating the tension between mother and daughter. Sophie and Martine are different people with different intentions. Even though Martine wants her daughter to grow up to be a doctor, Sophie never establishes the connection in which she takes into consideration being a doctor. Martine never seems to understand Sophie because she is too wrapped up in having the ideal daughter who doesn’t go astray. Without explicitly saying it, it is obvious through the narrative voice that Sophie knows what she wants—she ends up being a secre tary. When Sophie returns to Haiti, Louise asks her, â€Å"What do you do in America, Sophie? What is your profession?† (99) to which Sophie responds, â€Å"A secretary.† (99).No matter how much Martine tries, she fails to make Sophie fit into the role of the Marassas twin. Martine describes, â€Å"They looked the same, talked the same, walked the same,† (84) indicating how she envisions the way she and her daughter should be. Sophie, however, never viewed herself as Martine’s twin prior to this description of the Marassas. When she sees a picture of Atie, her mother, and herself in Martine’s house she says, â€Å"I looked like no one in my family. Not my mother. Not my Tante Atie. I did not look like them when I was a baby and I did not look like them now† (45). Not only was she not raised by her own mother, but she didn’t even look like Martine. The narrative voice conveys that Sophie is observant yet unruffled; there is no sense of emotional reaction only an objective remark, indicating that it doesn’t make a difference to Sophie. When Marc takes Martine and Sophie out to dinner, Sophie once again thinks about the fact that she does not look like her mother solely by the waiter’s expression. She says, â€Å"He looked at us for a long time. First me, then my mother. I wanted to tell him to stop it. There was no resemblance between us. I knew it† (55). Sophie’s tone of voice conveys her irritation; by now, she has accepted the fact that she and her mother look nothing like each other. There is no changing it.Sophie violates her mother’s notion of being pure because she wants to break free from Martine. She likens herself to the woman who would not stop bleeding when she says, â€Å"If she wanted to stop bleeding, she would have to give up her right to be a human being† (87), in which Sophie herself would have to break her hymen in order to â€Å"break free† from her mother’s clutches. The night that she took the pestle to bed with her, though she knew it was â€Å"not good for her hymen to tear apart like so, she had felt that â€Å"there was no longer any reason for me to live† (87), because her mother had been doing this horrible thing of testing her. If she could be free from her mother and her testing, she would consequently be free from her mother’s past because she, too, had been tested. The pestle acts as a mechanism for Sophie to free herself from her mother. When Sophie runs away from home to elope with her boyfriend Joseph, she completely goes against what her mother wanted for her. Sophie’s attempts to break free from her mother has succeeded so far, because she wants to reach that Providence that she has until now unable to attain. The second part ends with Sophie departing from her mother’s house and leaving for a life with Joe, once again doing what she wants to do even though in her mother ’s eyes it is not what is good for her. If she lives her entire life under her mother’s control she would be tortured forever by her mother’s past and would never be â€Å"liberated† from it. When she had lived in Haiti, she was supported by her mother’s weekly supply of money. When she arrived in America she was dependent on her mother for survival. But now, as Sophie moves on and in with Joe, she no longer needs her mother and is now closer than her ever to being free from Martine.The parts are structured so that the most important milestones in the story are left hanging with enormous spaces in time. This time around two years have passed between Sophie leaving for her sense of Providence and from where the story picks up again in Haiti. This type of narrative of leaving huge chunks out of an otherwise linear chronology draws attention to the fact that Sophie’s life itself is so disjoint. The story takes us suddenly from America to Haiti just as suddenly as Sophie was taken from Haiti to America after one letter and plane ticket from her mother. Sophie often feels her life is empty and especially when she was growing up without her mother for twelve years, an enormous part of her life was missing even though she didn’t know it. She says, â€Å"It took me twelve years to piece together my mother’s entire story.† (61). By the time Sophie has moved out of her mother’s place she believes she may be free but realizes that her mother is not. When she is with her sexual phobia group, she understands that the person who has wronged her, Martine, has been unable to be free. Sophie says, â€Å"I knew my hurt and hers were links in a long chain and if she hurt me, it was because she was hurt, too† (203). She comes to the realization that there is a reason why her mother did what she did and that in order for her to be free, her mother needs to be free from her past as well. Her mother’ s rape had given her nightmares that she was able to â€Å"free† her mother from, but only from the nightmares themselves, not from the reality of the rape.Sophie is devastated by the fact that her mother found her own way of escaping the reality of rape—committing suicide. For the first time her mother did what she wanted to do and Sophie desired for her to do what is good for her, going to Haiti and confronting the cane field where she was raped as the psychiatrist advised. This role-reversal shows how Sophie is still in a way so connected to her mother that she is compelled to â€Å"free† herself as well as her mother by confronting the cane field. In the final scene, she says she, â€Å"ran through the field, attacking the cane. I took off my shoes and began to beat a cane stalk. I pounded it until it began to lean over.† The image of the bent cane stalk reflects Sophie reclaiming her mother’s power and Sophie finally achieving the freedom she so desperately sought.Sophie Caco in Breath, Eyes Memory not only goes on a journey to free herself from her mother, but in the process allows herself to free her mother from her mother’s past. Because Martine was unable to find the Providence that Sophie sought, Sophie was about to put her mother’s rape behind her by fighting the cane stalk in the final scene of the novel.

Analysis Of The Book Romans - 1725 Words

Introduction Reaching Chapter seven in the book of Romans, the framework for Paul’s theology has been laid out with a basis on God’s righteousness and humanity’s sinfulness as illuminated by the Mosaic law. In Chapter seven Paul furthers his discussion on the power of sin. This discussion offered by Paul must be preceded by a discussion of who in fact Paul is referencing in this passage. The question rests in his use of the word â€Å"ÃŽ µÃŽ ³ÃÅ½Ã¢â‚¬  translated â€Å"I.† The identity of this â€Å"I† is debated amongst theologians. Answering the question of who is being referenced is a longstanding question which begs exploration. The viewpoints are plentiful, yet the prominence of the law and the nature of Paul’s argument in other portions of this letter and his†¦show more content†¦This paper will thus, look at the specific views on Chapter 7’s â€Å"I,† not isolated from, but in reference to the greater message in the book of Romans. â€Å"I† representing all humanity The perspective, which takes the stance that Paul is referencing all humanity, seeks to affirm the far reaching nature of sin. All humanity is affected by sin and faces the same struggles that Paul is describing. This viewpoint’s emphasis on the reach of sin is expressed by Jan Lambrecht when he says: â€Å"The inner conflict and division can be experienced everywhere and at all times, by everybody† (Lambrecht 63). This viewpoint was brought to focus by Kà ¼mmel at the beginning of the 20th Century; â€Å"In this epochal study, Kà ¼mmel contends that the description of the ÃŽ µÃŽ ³ÃÅ½ in Rom 7 is purely a rhetorical device in which Paul s own experience is not in view. Rom 7 pictures the human in general, who assents to the Law s demand but is unable to accomplish it† (Seifrid 313). Those who would hold to this view would claim that Paul is using â€Å"a known rhetorical device† (Shogren 120). In this view, the one who is speaking as â€Å"I† is merely a hypothetical speaker who serves to represent humanity, rather than a specific individual or individuals. Additionally, this view draws on Paul’s motif throughout the letter of the equality of Jews and Gentiles. It finds grounding in the preceding chapters of the book in which Paul

What Is Super Key in Dbms - 1071 Words

What Is Super Key In Dbms? Superkey - A superkey is defined in the relational model as a set ofattributes of a relation variable (relvar) for which it holds that inall relations assigned to that variable there are no two distincttuples (rows) that have the same values for the attributes... in Software What Is Super Key In Dbms Give Example? A superkey is a combination of attributes that can be uniquely used to identify a database record.With primary key if any other attribute is added then that combination is called super key in other words,primary key is the minimum possible... in SQL Databases What Is The Primary Key, Super Key, Foreign Key And†¦show more content†¦An attribute alone that can identify uniquely in a relation is called Primary Key. There can be several key s in a given relation, that can be identified uniquely. Those can be called Candidate keys. Great Answer Not Helpful Report Ruwindada 9 months ago [pic] 0 Super key is a subset of candidate key.it may be or may not be irreduceable. Great Answer Not Helpful Report Girl_cool 9 months ago [pic] 0 A super key is the set of one or more attribute that allow us to identify uniquely entity in an entity set. E.g the customer_id attribute of the entity set customer is sufficient to distinguish one customer entity from another. Great Answer Not Helpful Report Guest 6 months ago Ads by Google †¢ Chrysler Skim Code Reader Read and Re-Program Skim Modules CAN and NON CAN www.getskim.com Levels of abstractions †¢ Database Management WinSQL - A Homogeneous Solution for Heterogeneous Environment. www.synametrics.com [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic]Find Answers for: Discuss The Different Levels Of Abstraction In A Database Management System [pic] 0 There are views as to how users see the relevant data. Levels of abstraction include single conceptual or logical schema and the physical schema. Basically the Conceptual Schema within a Database Management System defines logical structure while physical schema defines/describes the indexes and flies used. ConceptualShow MoreRelatedDatabase Analysis : Database Management System933 Words   |  4 Pagesallows users to search information in an organized collection that is useful. In addition to documents, information can be in the form of audio, images, and video. With database software often called database management system (DBMS) users create a computerized database. DBMS users can add, modify, and delete data in the database; create forms and reports from the data in the database. Most organizations realize that data is one of their more valuable assets. At many organizations for example BoutwellRead MoreData Base Management System13582 Words   |  55 Pagesan attribute of the entity order. * Every record in a file should contain at least one field that uniquely identifies instances of that record so that the record can be retrieved, updated, or sorted. * This identifier field is called a key field r, which can be a letter, a number, or another symbol. A grou The Data Hierarchy Entities and Attributesing ers into a word, a group of words, or a completeRead MoreDatabase Management Systems and the Growth of the Internet Essay examples1971 Words   |  8 PagesDatabase Management Systems (DBMS). From its birth in the last century, the way computers process information has grown and expanded to a point that would have been hard to imagine for the early programmers. This growth actually spurred on the growth of the telecommunications industry. Carrier systems have grown with the advancing march of computers in general, but the huge amount of data required by DBMS created a need for massive carrier capability and the birth of what we call the internet (GradRead MoreRural Banking in Nigeria, Issues and Challenges (a Case Study of Wema Bank of Nigeria Plc3261 Words   |  14 Pagescommercial relational product was Oracle’s DBMS and was released in 1980. The relational model has been successfully adopted for transaction processing in numerous organizations and support most of the major database systems in commercial use today. Its ability to handle efficiently simple data types, its powerful query language, and its good protection of data from programming errors make it an effective model. 1. statement of the problem/ limitation âž ¢ DBMS are expensive products, complex andRead MoreIs582 Final Exam Study Guide1116 Words   |  5 PagesSo please be VERY mindful of proper citation.   8. Some of the key study areas are as follows: (while these are key areas remember that the exam is comprehensive for all the assigned course content and this study guide may not be all inclusive. 1. Database Modeling 2. Entities, attributes, identifiers, and keys 3. Entity Relationship Design concepts 4. Relationships, including, but not limited to, subtype-super type and recursive relationships. 5. Normalization including relationsRead MoreBig Data Vs. Public Sector Organizations Essay2516 Words   |  11 PagesIn economically uncertain times, many businesses and public sector organizations have come to appreciate that the key to better decisions, more effective customer or citizen engagement, sharper competitive edge, hyper efficient operations and compelling product and service development is data — and lots of it (Cameron McNaught,2010). Today the situation they face is not any shortage of that raw material. In a way that the wealth of unstructured online data alone has swollen the already torrentialRead MoreDatabase Management Systems4660 Words   |  19 Pagesorganizational issues and needs and developed conceptual, logical, and physical designs of DBMS solution. In order to implement the solution, substantial research had been done on best practices in design, available products, and the legal and ethical standards to which we must adhere during design. Thi s paper includes Business rules, Conceptual, Logical, and Physical database designs, Recommendations on best DBMS required for Grandfield College, Data model, Legal Compliance, Ethical Practices, SecurityRead MoreCase Study : Strategic Management Models Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pages KARATINA UNIVERSITY NAME: SHIRLYNNE JOYCE WANJIKU ADM: B400/1806p/14 COURSE TITLE: STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT MODELS COURSE CODE: DBM 943 SUBMITTED TO: PROF PAUL KATUSE ASSIGMNMENT 1 QUESTION 4 Question 4 a) Choose an industry of your interest and use porters five forces method of analysis to explain why the industry is attractive to you. Porter applied microeconomic principles to business strategy and analyzed the strategic requirements of industrial sectors, not just specificRead MoreFundamental Information Technology3768 Words   |  16 Pages6 Functions of Information Technology .................................................................................... 6 Benefits of Information Technology....................................................................................... 6 What is a computer?................................................................................................................ 7 Definition of computer system.........................................................................................Read Moreo Database: ï‚ § Utilized for Online Transactional Processing (OLTP) however might be utilized for2700 Words   |  11 Pagesrundown, we discover the issue of precompiling substantial scale accumulations from mammoth volumes of information continuously. A basic inquiry likes what number of shoppers of widgets is there in New York?† may oblige a huge number of information square I/os, and a lot of registering force. Indeed with today’s super quick machine frameworks and super shabby circle space, the choice help supportive network or master framework must have the capacity to have this data accessible at the fingertips of

Model of Radical Innovation in Small †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Model of Radical Innovation in Small Software Firms. Answer: Introduction Competitive strategy is a series of serious thinking, which is influenced by some established facts behind the making of the strategies. Strategies and innovation are two terms, which have a wrong understanding among the common people. Strategies are something, which dictates the utilization of the available resources of the organizations. On a same note, innovation is something, which is not only limited to the invention of something new such as new technology. It is however the findings of something hidden inside the organizational capabilities and the resources, which are unique to the outer world (Madsen and Walker, 2015). The main purpose of the assignment is to understand the exact meaning of the terms strategies and the innovation with the use of provided video link. Some of the following key ideas can be derived from the provided video link (YouTube, 2017): Organizations must know their area of expertise and try to find ways out of the problem with the help of those available resources only Strategies should be constructed to add values to the existing business operation (Dodgson, Gann Phillips, 2013) While making the strategies, firms should also have clear and concise idea about their available resources and the capabilities Most importantly, organizations need to have identification of their organizational values, which are needed to be sustained for a long term business (Carlo, Lyytinen Rose, 2012) The learner is working in a Smartphone manufacturing Company. The Company is still under the growing stages; however, it could not capitalize on he provided chances. The growing Smartphone industry attracted the learners Company to compete with the bigger companies. They failed entirely in strategizing the planning, which has also resulted in a below than normal performance of ten Company. Following are some of the necessary guidelines, which could help the learners Company in streamlining their strategies to have more productivity from those (Dagnino, 2012): Analyzing the available resources and capabilities of the learners Company, the outcomes can be discussed in a meeting with the higher management of the learners Company Highlights of the meeting would be to address the real problem behind the failure and the available potentiality of the Company Strategy making should revolve around a small but a particular area of operation, which means that the operation would be done to compete with the smaller companies only Competing with smaller companies are the best source to have a firm foothold in the market; once the performance is established and solidified, it is the time to compete with the bigger companies also with some innovative ideas and solid strategies Movement and operation of business should be in a systematic way by targeting smaller area of operation at the start and then gradually expanding the operational area Business Model Innovation Some of the necessary key ideas behind incepting the innovation into the organization would be to identify first the best feasible business innovation model and then implement the identified business model to have the maximum result. Following are the key ideas that are derived from the provided video link (YouTube, 2017): Implementation of one business model at one time Setting up a clear communication with all the management staffs and the supervisors, which is important to have an appropriate application of the model in the organization To have patience after applying the business innovation model in the organization Ensuring a firm commitment from everybody those who are associated to this Company especially from the higher management staffs Overcoming those hidden facts also, which are yet to be invented The Application of the business innovation model depends heavily on the management and the higher management staffs. The business model innovation needs to be identified first. One thing is very important to consider while implementing the business innovation model in the learners organization. Following are some of the useful tips for the application of business innovation model in the learners Company (Forgang, 2015): Identifying the most feasible business innovation model for the Company Having a solid discussion with all the higher management staffs in the Company Planning the right way to implement the innovation model to trace out the maximum benefits of the model Having patience after implementing the business innovation model in the operation, it is necessary for maintaining a continuous focus on the outcomes It is also necessary that the inception of the business model is supported by the most feasible technology, which is important for having the maximum success in complex cases such as in the supply chain management (Kaplan, 2012) The business innovation model should also be made familiar to all the associated employees of the organization as this is helpful in spreading the feeling of change in the organization Implementation of the business innovation model needs to be accompanied by relevant support from the financial department as the required changes would require some serious investments from them (Chesbrough, 2013) Implementation of business innovation model does also need to follow a measurable approach, which is helpful in maintaining a sustained performance of the application (McGrath, 2013) Conclusion Strategy making is often wrongly believed and are associated to those things, which are in actuality the mission and the objectives of the organizations. It is very important to understand the meaning of strategy before making or planning it. The success of strategy making depends heavily on its proper execution in the organizational practices. Thus, it becomes imperative for the organizations to have a measurable and solid approach while applying the prepared strategies. On a same note, the business innovation model is something, which needs to be accompanied with some solid ad measurable strategies behind the making of innovative approach. Innovation is something, which differentiates one organization from another. However, it is not necessarily needed to be something, which is new and is technically advanced. This is rather the hidden uniqueness, which is more important from the organizational perspectives. References Carlo, J. L., Lyytinen, K., Rose, G. M. (2012). A knowledge-based model of radical innovation in small software firms.MIS quarterly,36(3), 865-895. Chesbrough, H. (2013).Open business models: How to thrive in the new innovation landscape. Harvard Business Press. Dagnino, G. B. (Ed.). (2012).Handbook of research on competitive strategy. Edward Elgar Publishing. Dodgson, M., Gann, D. M., Phillips, N. (Eds.). (2013).The Oxford handbook of innovation management. OUP Oxford. Forgang, W. G. (2015).Strategy-specific decision making: A guide for executing competitive strategy. Routledge. Kaplan, S. (2012).The business model innovation factory: How to stay relevant when the world is changing. John Wiley Sons. Madsen, T. L., Walker, G. (2015).Modern competitive strategy. McGraw Hill. McGrath, R. G. (2013).The end of competitive advantage: How to keep your strategy moving as fast as your business. Harvard Business Review Press. YouTube. (2017). Business Model Innovation. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B4ZSGQW0UMI [Accessed 24 Apr. 2017]. YouTube. (2017). What is Strategy?. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TD7WSLeQtVw [Accessed 24 Apr. 2017].

The American and French Revolutions free essay sample

The Atlantic revolutions had a big impact on the development of world history. Starting with the American Revolution, where Americans fought for their independence from Great Britain, each subsequent revolution took ideas and courage from the previous one. A similarity of the first two Revolutions, the French and the American, was that they were both erected from an economic crisis. Some differences were that the French, right after their monarchy ended, became an empire and then a republic whereas, the American became a republic. Also, the French Revolution was considered much more radical then the American. The economical crisis required the people to pay heavy taxes to their government, which led to their uprising. Concerning the economic crisis, both the American and the French were at an all time low. After the French Indian War, Great Britain was in serious debt. Many extra taxes were put in to place to pay for the war. We will write a custom essay sample on The American and French Revolutions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Acts that included the Stamp Act, Townshed Act, Sugar Act, Tea Act, and Quartering Act were all created to gain money from the American Colonies and control them. Because of this, the Americans decided that they had enough of the taxes and control and decided to revolt. The French economical crisis pretty much followed the same route and led to the French Revolution. After they helped the Americans in the Revolution, they faced depressing economical times. The third class of the French was hit heavily with the taxes, many to the bread bakers closed down because they couldn’t afford to keep it open. To top it all off, Marie Antoinette, the queen, deepened the resentment because of her expensive life style that was being paid for by them. This was one of the causes of the French revolution. One major difference that occurred after both the revolution was that while America became a republic right after their monarchy ended, France did not with the uprising of Napoleon who was named emperor. After the Americans won their independence, they moved to create the articles of Confederation to give each state power but then placed it with an improved United States constitution. The creation of a three-part government with checks and balances furthered the creation of a powerful republic. The French, on the other hand, went through a period led by Bonaparte Napoleon who was crowned emperor by Pope Pius the VII. He was emperor until he was captured and sent to an island, then resumed when he escaped and took his role back from the newly reinstated monarchy. The democracy came after words as the Declaration of the Rights of Men took full effect. Another difference between the American and French Revolution was the actual happenings of the revolutions. The French were considered more radical in their movement then the Americans. During the French Revolution over 30,000 people were killed by revolutionaries lead by Maximilien Robespierre in the Terror of 1793. Houses of nobles were ransacked and an incident where woman crashed the castle of the King and Queen and attempted to kill them. The guillotine was created as a more efficient way to kill which people actually enjoyed. The most radical event that happened during the French revolution was the execution of King Louis and Marie by the revolutionaries after they tried to flee France. The American Revolution was more stable. The revolts of the Americans that included dumping tar and feathers on tax collectors were hardly as hectic as the French’s movement. The only massacre ended in the death of five people. In summary, although the revolutions share the same ideas of enlightenment, such as rationalism, secularism, optimism and self-confidence, freedom of speech, religion, religious toleration, rights for the accused and constitutional government, the ideologies and the events that took place varied greatly. In the American and French Revolutions, they both varied in the outcome of their government and in the duration of the Revolution. A common element that they had was the financial distress they were in leading up to the revolt.

How the Meanings of Words Change

How the Meanings of Words Change Stick around long enough and youll notice that language changes- whether you like it or not. Consider this recent report from columnist Martha Gill on the redefinition of the word literally: Its happened. Literally the most misused word in the language has officially changed definition. Now as well as meaning in a literal manner or sense; exactly: the driver took it literally when asked to go straight over the traffic circle, various dictionaries have added its other more recent usage. As Google puts it, literally can be used to acknowledge that something is not literally true but is used for emphasis or to express strong feeling. . . .Literally, you see, in its development from knock-kneed, single-purpose utterance, to swan-like dual-purpose term, has reached that awkward stage. It is neither one nor the other, and it cant do anything right.(Martha Gill, Have We Literally Broken the English Language? The Guardian [UK], August 13, 2013) Changes in word meanings (a process called semantic shift) happen for various reasons and in various ways. Four common types of change are broadening, narrowing, amelioration, and pejoration. (For more detailed discussions of these processes, click on the highlighted terms.) BroadeningAlso known as generalization or extension, broadening is the process by which a words meaning becomes more inclusive than an earlier meaning. In Old English, for instance, the word dog referred to just one particular breed, and thing meant a public assembly. In contemporary English, of course, dog can refer to many different breeds, and thing can refer to, well, anything.NarrowingThe opposite of broadening is narrowing (also called specialization or restriction), a type of semantic change in which a words meaning becomes less inclusive. For example, in Middle English, deer could refer to any animal, and girl could mean a young person of either sex. Today, those words have more specific meanings.AmeliorationAmelioration refers to the upgrading or rise in status of a words meaning. For example, meticulous once meant fearful or timid, and sensitive meant simply capable of using ones senses.PejorationMore common than amelioration is the downgrading or depreciation of a words me aning, a process called pejoration. The adjective silly, for instance, once meant blessed or innocent, officious meant hard working, and aggravate meant to increase the weight of something. Whats worth keeping in mind is that meanings dont change over night. Different meanings  of the same word often overlap, and new meanings can co-exist with older meanings for centuries. In linguistic terms, polysemy is the rule, not the exception. Words are by nature incurably fuzzy, says linguist Jean Aitchison in the book Language Change: Progress Or Decay. In  recent years, the adverb literally has become exceptionally fuzzy. In fact, it has slipped into the rare category of Janus words, joining terms like sanction, bolt, and fix that contain opposite or contradictory meanings. Martha Gill concludes that theres not much we can do about literally. The awkward stage that its going through may last for quite some time. It is a moot word, she says. We just have to leave it up in its bedroom for a while until it grows up a bit. More About Language Change The Endless Decline of the English LanguageThe Great Vowel ShiftInconceivable!: 5 Words That May Not Mean What You Think They MeanKey Dates in the History of the English LanguageSix Common Myths About LanguageSemantic Change and the Etymological Fallacy

Establishing a Supermarket Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Establishing a Supermarket - Essay Example As supermarkets buy the products on large scale, they will be able to sell the products at a much lower price than their smaller counter parts by passing the savings they incur by purchasing on a large scale. However, it is important to select a high profit location. The high profit in a supermarket depends on the turnover as the supermarket concentrates on buying and selling the products in large quantities. As per the afore-mentioned aspect, either Melbourne or Sydney is suitable for establishing a supermarket or chain of supermarket stores. The study on the market opportunities in the above two cities will make an entrepreneur to decide on the location. In Melbourne, various stores and services are available in different communities. Clothing stores, baby essentials, luggage world, animals and pets, automotive and mechanical, building and construction, computers and electrical, beauty and fashion, food, liquor, and big shopping sites that offer majority of above-mentioned articles are available community wise. It is necessary to attract the customers from different communities to the new supermarket or the establishment of supermarkets in different communities is necessary. In the first type of supermarket, the new entrant has to compete with large supermarkets like Coles, Westgrath and Woolworths. There are small supermarkets like Aldi in Melbourne that compete with pertinence, though having lesser number of products than Coles, Westgrath and Woolworths. If one wants to open a big supermarket, they have to display about 1, 00,000 products on a single store and it should be spacious and needs to attract customers who spend more and do not bother about the expense of the goods. However, if the entrepreneur wants to attract large number of customers who are economical in nature, chains of business stores like Aldi are necessary. In the afore-mentioned aspect, it is necessary to open chain of stores in various communities. If the entrepreneur is interested in attracting large number of customers who are cost sensitive, it is suggestible to establish chain of small stores having around 10,000 products rather than establishing a big store containing around 1,00,000 products. Establishment of chain of stores needs outlets in different communities of Melbourne. As a result, instead of a single location the entrepreneur has to search about few locations to set up the outlets of the supermarket business. As there are more than 31 communities in Greater Melbourne, it is better to select the communities to identify the locations. In the first step, it is suggestible to select Banyule, Frankston, Glen, Greater Dandenong, Hume, Kingston, Manningham, Monash, Port Philip, Melbourne and Yarra communities to set up the outlets of the supermarket. As the above locations cover almost all the area of Melbourne, it is easier in future to increase the number of outlets and transportation between them. As the stores are small, they can attract middle class and lower middle class people who are cost aware while shopping. 1 Porter's Five Forces Porter's model helps in analyzing threats and opportunities in the business environment faced by the industry. As different industries sustain different levels of profitability, structure of industry explains the difference and maximizing the profitability. 2 The following is the

American Foreign Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

American Foreign Policy - Essay Example Seeking to explore the effects of the end of the Cold War on the foreign of policy of the United States, this essay will address the changes caused by this tumultuous event on the international geopolitical system. Has American state self-interest changed following the collapse of bipolarity? What motivates US foreign policy in this New World Order? During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union were locked in a bitter confrontation pitting two opposite poles in the international order against one another. In this period of bipolarity, state behavior was mediated by concerns regarding the stability of the international system as well as the state interest and behavior of the other major power. Today, the United States operates in a unipolar world and is the world’s hegemonic state. State behavior is less constrained as it was during the Cold War but US state interest today reflects power conditions and the maintenance of overall system stability which promotes the supreme status of the United States in the international system. Power is a â€Å"hard† issue and a primary concern for survival; so called â€Å"soft issues† like human rights and democracy are far less salient. In the anarchic world of international affairs, hard or core issues always supersede soft issues and are integral to defini ng state interest and behavior. What is the state of the international system following the end of the Cold War? In an article entitled â€Å"Soft Balancing in the Age of U.S. Primacy†, T.V. Paul addressed the issue of hegemonic power and stability in the post-Cold War period and explores the means through which other powers have attempted to counteract the global supremacy of the United States. As the world’s hegemonic power, the United States has, in the Cold War period, resorted to unilateralism and expansive military might. The systemic level response, according to this article has been a variety of soft-power strategies by

Maternal Behaviors and Their Effect on the Unborn Child Essay Example for Free

Maternal Behaviors and Their Effect on the Unborn Child Essay Pregnancy can be one of the most magical times in a woman’s life. There is nothing quite like taking care of the little person that is growing in the womb, and knowing that everything you do is going to have some kind of effect on that little person. For a vast majority of women, pregnancy is a magical time, one filled with awe and wonder. Pregnant women tend to take better care of themselves, making sure that they are providing the best environment for their growing child. Some women, however, do just the opposite and do not take care of themselves and thus harm the unborn child in their womb. There are several things that can have an adverse effect on the growing child. One of them is the mother’s nutrition. This is an easily adjustable factor, but one that some women don’t actually think about. When a woman becomes pregnant, according to www.americanpregnancy.org, she needs to consume roughly 300 more calories than normal in order to have a healthy pregnancy (http://www.americanpregnancy.org/pregnancyhealth/pregnancynutrition.html). This will provide the extra nutrition that the fetus needs. If a mother does not consume enough calories, she is putting her child at risk of being malnourished. A poorly nourished infant is more likely to get sick, as they do not have the ability to fight off illness as well as a properly nourished child. There is also a possibility that undernourishment can have an impact on the mental development of a child (Feldman, 329). Proper nourishment is vital to proper development both in the womb and once the child is born. Another behavior that can have an adverse effect on the growing child is alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Alcohol is a teratogen, which is known to be harmful to human development (http://www.americanpregnancy.org/pregnancyhealth/alcohol.html). Consuming alcohol during pregnancy can cause the unborn child to have fetal alcohol syndrome, or FAS. This condition causes the child to be of below-average intelligence, have facial deformities, and growth delays (Feldman, 309). According to www.marchofdimes.com, alcohol can also cause the baby to have sucking and sleeping problems, behavior problems, and speech and language delays (http://www.marchofdimes.com/pregnancy/alcohol_indepth.html). Even if a mother doesn’t drink every day, even a small amount of alcohol can have adverse effects. Fetal alcohol effects is another condition that a child can develop. With FAE, the child may have some, but not all the symptoms of FAS (Feldman, 329). When my husband and I were foster parents, it was suspected that our foster son had FAE. He did not have growth delays, necessarily, as he was the average size of a child his age, but he did have some intellectual delays, speech problems, and some behavioral issues. Over all, he was a wonderful child, he just needed some extra care and attention in certain areas to compensate for the places he lacked. Drug use is also a behavior that can cause adverse effects on an unborn child. According to www.marchofdimes.com, about 4% of women use illegal drugs during their pregnancy. These include marijuana, ecstasy, heroin, and other amphetamines. To me, that is a staggering number of women. There are many problems that a child faces if the mother used drugs during pregnancy. Premature birth and withdrawal seem to be the most common. There is also the possibility of birth defects, such as heart defects and cleft palates. The symptoms and long term effects of drug use vary depending on the type of drug that the mother used. Some drugs are by far worse than others, but all of them carry a risk. All of the drugs tend to carry a risk of learning disabilities, behavioral issues, and attention problems. There are even some legal drugs, things that you can buy over the counter that can have an adverse effect on an unborn child (Feldman, 329). Aspirin is one such drug. Using aspirin, because of its blood thinning properties, can harm the child and cause excessive bleeding during childbirth (http://drugs.about.com/lw/Health-Medicine/Womens-Health/Medications-to-Avoid-During-Pregnancy.htm). It would be advisable to consult with your doctor before taking any kind of medication while pregnant because any of them can have an adverse effect on the baby during different stages of pregnancy. I know for me personally, I don’t like taking anything other than my prenatal vitamins during pregnancy, because I’m fearful of what effect it could have on my child. When I was pregnant with my daughter, I almost refused to take Tylenol when I had a headache, because I was afraid it would do some harm. I’ve not been quite that way with my son, but I still avoid most medicines because I don’t want to risk doing any harm. Pregnancy is nothing short of a miracle, and should be treated as such. Providing a healthy environment for the baby to grow is of utmost importance, especially for the well-being of that child. Anything and everything that a mother does during her pregnancy has an effect on her unborn child. Getting proper nutrition and not using or abusing drugs or alcohol will help the mother have a healthy pregnancy and thus a healthy child. References: Feldman, Robert S. (2011) Essentials of Understanding Psychology, 9th Edition http://drugs.about.com/lw/Health-Medicine/Womens-Health/Medications-to-Avoid-During-Pregnancy.htm http://www.marchofdimes.com/pregnancy/alcohol_illicitdrug.html http://www.americanpregnancy.org/pregnancyhealth/pregnancynutrition.html

Comparing Diversity in Crying of Lot 49, Good-bye, Columbus, and Survivor :: comparison Compare Contrast essays

Theme of Diversity in Crying of Lot 49, Good-bye, Columbus, and Survivor Diversity is an attribute that is seen among people, situations and cultures. Everyone has encountered different situations at one time or more during their lives that has either been pleasant or upsetting. Certain novels written in the 1950's to the present show signs of multiformity very clearly. In regards to culture, people are placed in unusual situations where their diversity is shown. Throughout the novella, "Good-bye, Columbus," written by Philip Roth, conflicts are seen as far as social status among families. This novella was not diverse in the written aspect, in fact I thought of it as easy reading. "Sure, I should serve four different meals at once.... I should jump up and down twenty different times? What am I, a workhorse?" (Roth 4) The reactions in Brenda's house differ because they have a maid and Brenda's Mom doesn't have to pick up a finger. Neal and Brenda's families are obviously placed in different social brackets and this adds to the conflict that the relationship is not equal. From the readers point of view, the tie that Neil feels toward Brenda is one of physical attraction. "She dove beautifully and a moment later she was swimming back to the side of the pool, her head of shortclipped auburn hair held up, straight ahead of her, as though it were a rose on a long stem." (Roth 3) He sees her only as a beautiful woman and allows that to get in the way of actually realizing the true reasons for her actions. Brenda on the other hand is using him to be her "slave." This is seen with all her actions that show that she honestly does not care about his feelings, his wants or desires. "' We'll be right back,' Brenda said to me. 'You have to sit with Julie. Carlota's off.'"(Roth 13) She finds Neil very accommodating in fulfilling her needs. Neil is constantly being thrown into predicaments for the first time, such as Brenda's country club, where Neil is viably not accustomed to being. "My next question was prompted by a desire to sound interested and thereby regain civility; it didn't quite come out as I'd expected- I said it too loud.

Diversion Programs Essay

Diversion programs are usually misunderstood by society, and in some cases is believe that they do not work. However research conducted by different organizations has found that they in fact do reduce recidivism amongst juveniles diverted V. those that were not. Diversion as described refers to â€Å"the attempt to divert, or channel out, youthful offenders from the juvenile justice system† (Bynum and Thompson, 1996:430). In this paper it will be discuss what are the causes of juvenile criminal behavior, and what goals does the two different diversion programs have to combat those behaviors and rehabilitate juveniles. Also it will discuss what service do they provide and witch one is the most effective. First of all when talking about juvenile delinquency research has found that no single cause of behavior accounts for all delinquency, however that study is inconclusive since the study has not been confirmed 100%. The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) is sponsoring the research and is focusing in serious delinquency and drug abuse as those two have been found to be the leading causeways of juvenile criminal behavior. OJJDP has conducted causes and correlation studies designed to improve the understanding of violence and drug abuse, they have looked at how a youth develops within the context of family, school, peers and their respective community. One of the challenges is to determine the longitudinal investigation since some times this juvenile’s turn into what society determines as adulthood, and the investigation is no longer valid. The way they have conducted this searches is by sampling youths in a six to nine months period one example is: Denver youth includes 1,527 youths ages vary from seven to 15, and they all come from different backgrounds but pronominally from â€Å"high risk neighborhoods† The key participants for this programs as described above are juveniles that  their age ranges from seven to 15 years of age, as per the report published by the OJJDP in September, 1999 2.8 million juveniles were arrested, since then that number has declined one of the causes for this is the improvement in diversion programs. As one of the analysts puts it â€Å"Diverting appropriate youthful offenders from detention can pay dividends for youth who are not a danger to themselves and for those remaining in detention. It also alleviates overcrowding†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bilchik S, 1999) This paper is exanimating two different diversion programs in the Dallas area; the â€Å"Dallas County Juvenile Department believes that for certain youth, treatment rather than punishment alone is the most effective strategy in avoiding future involvement with the juvenile justice system. Diversion programs offer youth an opportunity to agree on voluntary conditions that closely resemble probation, but are imposed by the probation officer instead of the Court. First time offenders with minor offenses and indicate certain criminal behavior risk factors may be eligible for specific diversion programs. Successful completion of the agreed conditions allows these youth to avoid appearing in Court, and prevent them from permeating into the juvenile system.† (DCJV, 2014) With all that said the two diversions programs used are one is the â€Å"Diversion Male Court (D.M.C.) targets minority males with first time and minor referrals. Using community-based alternatives to empower the youth and family, D.M.C. aims to reduce the disproportionate representation of minority male youth in the juvenile justice system. Community service providers in conjunction with the probation officer focus on issues which predispose the identified minority male youth to delinquent behavior.† (DCJV, 2014) And the other is the Drug Diversion Court that; â€Å"identifies and intervenes with youth who have a history of substance abuse. Youth involved in the program participate in community-based drug treatment programs, attend weekly court sessions, submit to regular drug testing, and consistently report to their probation officer. They receive the tools and support needed to live a drug-free life and remain out of the justice system.† (DCJV, 2014) As of 2013 drug related offenses involving juveniles in the Dallas county area went up from the previous year; in 2002 there were 94 and in 2013 there were 111. As far as assaults they were down from 2012 to 2013 from 244 to 229. Trying to identify the effectiveness of these programs is complicated since they are involving two different offenses, however more often than not they are related. Assaults and drug offenses are closely tied together in the juvenile criminal world. But their goal is the same in both cases to reduce the number of youth in detention and to provide them with some sort of community based program, in order to keep them occupied and help to rehabilitate them, and in return this will reduce recidivism amongst juveniles. If we were to look at just numbers I will say that the Drug Diversion Court has had more success in the Dallas area with its programs, however that can be disproportional because the amount of offenses. In conclusion this paper covered what is diversion, how it is applied and how it does work for two different programs in the Dallas county area. It is important to remember that this as effective as it might be in the Dallas area is not the same in other areas, disproportion on the studies and in the way that some ethnicities are group, and not to forget the age, makes it hard for this studies to be 100% accurate. References: Bynum, J.E., and Thompson, W.E. 1996. Juvenile Delinquency: A Sociological Approach. 3d ed. Bullington, B., Sprowls, J., Katkin, D., and Phillips, M. 1978. Critique of diversionary juvenile justice. Crime and Delinquency 24(1):59-71. Dallas County Juvenile Department (DCJV, 2014) extracted information from www.dallascounty.org/department/juvenile/drug_diversion.php

Timeline of American History from 1871 to 1875

Biblical Events That Will Happen - 977 Words

1. 11-11-11 is a movie about biblical events that will happen on the date November 11, 2011. On this chosen date a dimensional window will open and something spectacular will happen. But the writer Timothy Gibbs known as Joseph Crone do not realize that this event is about to take place and he is the main character in this phenomenon. Mr. Crone is currently a successful writer in this movie that is having nightmares about his mother and brother dying in a fire when he was a little boy. This child hood trauma is causing Crone not to go outside and have any human contact of any kind with anyone. Crone, a soon to be suicidal writer believes that he has no purpose in life and that there is no such thing as God. He also receives numerous strange phone calls telling him not to go to Spain in which his surviving brother and father lives. Strangely he receives a phone call from his brother, a coincidence, that his father is dying and his brother needs him to come to Spain and see him. He get s to Spain and see his sickly father, and his father tells him on his death bed that he needs to protect his brother because he is a great teacher and prophet and there will be people trying to stop him from preaching. Shortly after only being in Spain only 48 hours he realize something ghostly is happening and he can’t quite get a grasp of what’s going on so he starts to research but his brother denies that there is no evil behind what is happening its only in his mind. Crone is still seeingShow MoreRelatedStudy the Bible!1551 Words   |  7 PagesStudy the bible! : The Use of Bible Allusions in Literature Biblical references are a technique used in literature by authors to alter readers perceptions. The readers beliefs are challenged by using biblical references in literature. In â€Å"The Gospel According to Mark† by Jorge Luis Borges, Borges uses many biblical references to give readers a different view of the main character. With the biblical references being used in â€Å"The Gospel According to Mark†, readers are able to portray the main characterRead MoreAnalyzing Two Habits Foundational to Effectiveness1232 Words   |  5 Pagesreview will look at the first two habits, Be Proactive Begin with the End in Mind, to examine whether the Habits can, in themselves, restore ineffective people to effective living. The review will study Covey’s premises from the perspective of Biblical worldview and personal life experience to show that while they can be helpful for healthy adults, it does not take either psychological wounds or the spiritual realm into account wh en addressing effectiveness. A daunting flaw in Covey’s thesisRead MoreTribulation Consists of Three Different Capital Beliefs772 Words   |  3 Pagesthe Pre-Tribulation, Mid-Tribulation, and Post-Tribulation. Each tribulation has its own biblical standpoint requiring beliefs based on when the return of Jesus. Some tribulation beliefs have strong biblical evidence while others lack biblical documentation. The rapture is a event that is tied into the tribulation because the Great Tribulation is based on when the rapture occurs. The rapture is a event where all non Christians will be left on earth while and all believers will go to heavenRead MoreOld Testament Summaries Essay706 Words   |  3 Pages(Leviticus) The genre of law is depicted in the book of Leviticus. The word law is used in biblical works to refer to the commandments that Israelites were supposed to keep and it is also used in reference to the Pentateuch, as the Book of Law (Fee and Stuart). The book of Leviticus is one of the books that biblical history considers the Law along with Exodus, Deuteronomy, and Numbers. The book of Leviticus was written by Moses. This book was written in order to show Israelites the ways to liveRead MoreShirley Jackson And Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown And The Lottery1453 Words   |  6 Pagessomething very grim in about to happen on this sunny June day. The fact that everyone in town, including the teenagers and young children, participates in the lottery seems a little strange. Children are shown talking amongst themselves and stuffing stones into their pockets. There is seemingly nothing strange about that, because children keep will keep anything as a souvenir. This act, however, conve ys a much deeper meaning and opens that door for what is going to happen soon. Some of the charactersRead MoreFaith and Doubt at Ground Zero Essay694 Words   |  3 Pageswatching the Frontline Video, Faith and Doubt at Ground Zero, I was immediately faced with the question about evil. It is hard to imagine how someone could do something so horrific in the name of religion. So many lives were forever changed during the events that transpired on Tuesday morning, Sept. 11, 2001. As a believer of God, I could certainly identify with the feelings of the people who lost loved ones during the 9/11 tragedy. During the initial introduction many of the people recalledRead MoreLord Of The Flies, By John Milton Essay1639 Words   |  7 Pagesreadings, almost like Lord of the Flies is a biblical allegory to Paradise Lost. I was discovering biblical allusions in the novel Lord of the Flies, something I didn’t discover when I read the novel three years ago, Many debates between critics have been made about Lord of the Flies being a biblical allegory due to its substantial amount of allusions to Judeo-Christian Theology. After a lot of thought, and re reading the book, Lord of the Flies can be a biblical allegory to the epic Paradise Lost, becauseRead MoreIs Image Is Everything?1312 Words   |  6 Pagescharacteristics: herald, storyteller/poet, witness, and pastor. The image of the â€Å"Herald† as pastor was almost self explanatory. Defined as one who proclaims a message or paves the way for a promised event, the herald preacher’s task is straight forward and direct. Most individuals, who have studied any Biblical text, or Ancient History or Civilization, has formed an image, or a visual of this person carrying a long trumpet or possibly a scroll or standard. This person simply carries the message as it isRead MoreOld Oratorio New Contemporary Christian Music1019 Words   |  5 PagesOld Oratorio New Contemporary Christian Music Music has always been very important to religion, and the music has always been changing. At the beginning, the music told a story of a biblical event. The current day music tells a story about life and how Jesus Christ can fix the problem because he is all powerful. Oratorio is one example of older religion music. The current type of religion music is called Contemporary Christian music. There is a lot of different types between these two. Oratorio andRead MoreThe Dangers Of The Polar Ice Caps903 Words   |  4 Pagesmind splitting and body numbing substances. This only creates more problems like increasing their own poverty, and causing them to do things they would not normally do. Olds uses intense imagery to show us the diseases we are suffering from; while biblical allusions show her desire for the world to be destroyed and recreated better than before. The speaker is talking about the end of the world and is looking back at the journey that was taken to get to this point. Olds draws a few things to our attention

Parsons And Bales Family Structure And Gender Roles

In our current society, the average household must have two adults working full time to achieve economic stability and to at least have a chance at reaching the â€Å"middle class†. Parsons and Bales’ piece on family (written during 1955) is notable for being one of the first studies on family dynamics. Parsons and Bales expressed confidence that family structure will attain long term stability through universal â€Å"modern† reconfiguration which incorporated a nuclear family structure and gender role specialization. Although, specific socioeconomic conditions during the 1950’s permitted this family structure to work, by the 1980’s this organization of the family would prove unstable. Although, Parsons and Bales theory of the family made sense†¦show more content†¦Parsons uses the family norms of the 1950’s to define the â€Å"ideal† family. Parsons praised the benefits of gender role specialization, implying that it would cr eate spousal interdependence and thus marital stability. However, Parsons failed to recognize the flaws in his model and how external social conditions change and thus complicate his model of the family. It is important to understand Parsons and Bales’ model of the family because many social policies and economic practices still assume that American families should conform to the family structure described by Parsons. Parsons and Bales develop fundamental assumptions about 1950s society that allow them to build their model of the ideal â€Å"modern† family. The underlying assumptions are everchanging and not true of our current society and thus are the main reasons why the their model of the family is inefficient and unattainable. One assumption made is that the industrial economy is the significant force behind the emergence of the male breadwinning family. He failed to consider the social conditions that influenced the model’s prominence during the 50’s . Parsons had very little actual observations or statistics that supported the popularity of his model of the nuclear family. Rather, it could be argued that his theory was mostly based on speculation. Studies show that the nuclear familyShow MoreRelatedIn The Past, Gender Roles Specialization As So Pronounced1425 Words   |  6 Pages In the past, gender roles specialization as so pronounced that females and males had very different roles and responsibilities assigned to them. In most of the cultures, men were the breadwinners while women were house managers and assuming the roles of caregivers. However, in the contemporary world, material foundations linked to gender role specialization have weakened with the caretaking work that was used to define females disappearing. Nevertheless, studying gender role specialization fromRead MoreWhy Do Women Occupy the Subordinate Position in the Sex/Gender System851 Words   |  4 PagesPosition in the Sex/Gender System? Gender inequalities between males and females have been existent since time began. In the Bible, these gender inequalities are evident with Eve (woman) causing the fall of man and the distancing from our â€Å"Father† and our banishment from Paradise, the Garden of Eden (Genesis 3:7). Not only that, the very creation of Eve, being of Adam and Adam being of God, highlights that women are seen as an afterthought in creation. This brief essay will examine gender inequalitiesRead MoreA Modest Disagreement : How A Changing Society Has Transformed The Family1463 Words   |  6 Pagessociety has transformed the family Dear Dr. Parsons: I recently attended your talk in Boston and, while I was interested in much of what you had to say, I do have some notable points of disagreement. In your paper, which you co-wrote with Robert Bales (who was nowhere to be found at the talk) in 1955, you argue that the family is at a point of stability in the 1950s that you say will last. In doing so, you credit what you deem to be the new structure of family: with specific roles including a male breadwinnerRead MorePaternity Leave Essay770 Words   |  4 PagesIn this modern day and age, we are often surrounded with challenges that exists within society. Challenges includes pressures from work and family responsibilities. In Singapores context, the government often highlight pressing issues such as declining growth rate and aging population. The manifestation of ideas such as promoting marriage and replenishing the population by its citizen would be a feasible idea in the public eyes. While the idea is the initial, yet difficult, st ep to tackle populationRead MoreGender And Sexuality Using Cathexis, Analyse And Discuss A Newspaper Article By The Telegraph Essay1643 Words   |  7 Pagesessay will briefly outline the distinctions between gender and sexuality using cathexis, analyse and discuss a newspaper article by the Telegraph, argue that masculinity in crisis is a paradox that is caused by discourses in masculinity such as the hierarchy of hegemonic, marginalised and subordinated masculinities as shown in Connell’s hegemonic masculinity model and the tensions that arise as a result. Firstly, the distinctions between gender and sexuality. Cathexis states that the relationshipRead MoreFamily Dynamics And Family Structure1441 Words   |  6 PagesDear Dr. Parsons, As a structural functionalist, you mainly study specific societies by classifying the major structures of society and then asking the question, how does this matter. When studying these families, however, you undertake that this society blossoms when it is able to maintain social stability and social integration. Social stability however is valued over changes in time, not just immediately. This topic of family dynamics and family structure seems to be of great importance to youRead MoreFamily Is Transformative. As An Individual You Are Born1928 Words   |  8 Pages Family is transformative. As an individual you are born into a group of people that will care and look out for you, if that happens to be your case. If not, your family will be a person or a group of people that claim to know you since birth therefore they are family. Whatever the case might be in regards to your upbringing, this family of yours is the defining factor within your life. When born, we’re abruptly brought into a group of people with set ideas and ways of thinking. As a childRead MoreGender Roles And Stereotypes : The Kiss By The Dunphy s, And The Pritchet Tucker s Essay1319 Words   |  6 PagesThe television series Modern Family attempts to provide an updated representation of the contemporary American Family. The program is centred on the familial interactions of three interrelated families; the Pritchet’s, the Dunphy’s, and the Pritchet-Tucker’s. Each family is unique as it depicts a specific family structure (or type) seen within society at large, representing a blended discourse of gender, race and sexuality. Superficially, it appears the families do represent segments of currentRead MoreGender And Social Construction Of Gender1230 Words   |  5 Pages‘Gender’ is a category used by all human beings to describe the state of being either male or female. Gender is often described as socially constructed which implies that it is something individuals may not be aware of. Through the social construction of a concept, meanings are created. These meanings and understandings are developed in coordination with other individuals rather than within individuals themselves. Because all societies are different, the social construction and therefore definitionsRead MoreOrigins of Leadership and Power Essays2720 Words   |  11 Pagesfollowers designating, both consciously and subconsciously, someone as a leader. This is a person who, according to the group members, is believed to have those characteristics which are most suited to accomplish the task and objectives of the group (Bales and Slater, 1955). Much of the available early research that I was able to attain focused on leadership and the concept of leadership in terms of political situations. When viewed from a political standpoint, the study of leadership pertains to the

Fundamentals of Computer Free Essays

string(57) " of system programs that perform a variety of functions\." entExamination Paper: Fundamentals of Computer IIBM Institute of Business Management Semester-I Examination Paper MM. 100 Fundamentals of Computer Section A: Objective Type (20 marks) ********************************************************** Multiple Choices: 1. b. We will write a custom essay sample on Fundamentals of Computer or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2 types 2. b. 1 or more input signals to produce output 3. d. Both (a) (c) 4. b. Non-volatile 5. c. Direct-access storage device 6. c. Multiple object program files of any software 7. a. Are geographically distributed 8. b. Way in which the network’s nodes are linked together 9. a. World wide web 10. . General purpose electronic equipment for homes Fill in the Blanks: 1. Multimedia applications are multimedia presentation, foreign language learning, multimedia Kiosk and †¦multimedia books, e books, digital library, video games, animation films virtual shops†¦ 2. Computer audio deals with synthesizing, recording and †¦Palying audio†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ with a computer. 3. Collating sequence is ordering of symbols in an †¦encoding†¦. standard. 4. Binary coded decimal is a †¦6-Bit†¦ Code. 5. The logic gates are interconnected to form gating or logic networks known as †¦combinational†¦.. ogic circuits. 6. †¦CPU†¦. is the brain of a computer system. 7. The term †¦software†¦. refers to a collection of programs. 8. Program errors are known as †¦bugs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9. Documentation†¦. is the process of collecting, organizing storing and maintaining a complete historical record of programs. 10. File organization†¦ deals with physical organization of records of a file for convenience of their storage and retrieval. Section B: Short Questions (20 marks) 1. What is data processing? Data processing is a series of actions on input that converts the input into useful output. In data processing, input is data and output is the useful information. In consists of three sub activities: Capturing input data, manipulating it and producing output information. People, procedure and devices are required to produce the output from the input data. 2. What is a file management system? File management system is a set of programs which help the users to organize, create, delete, update and manipulate their files. Its common features are as described below. a. Transaction file: It stores the input data until the application uses it during next processing cycle. b. Master file: It contains all current data relevant to an application. c. Output file: some applications use multiple programs. One program takes the output of another program as input; hence the former program stores the output as an output file. d. Report file: It is a copy of report, generated by application in computer accessible form. e. Backup file: It is a copy of file crated by user or system to avoid loss of data due to corruption or deletion of original file. 3. What is a computer network? Computer network is a group of computers which are linked to each other via internet. The computers on network can communicate with each other and can share information. Four basic service provided by internet to its users are electronic mail, file transfer protocol, telnet and use net news. The common network types are personal area networks (PANs), local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area network (MANs), campus area networks (CANs) and wide area network (WANs). 4. What is a secondary storage? The additional memory needed in all computers to overcome the limitations of primary storage (Limited capacity and Volatile) is called secondary storage. t is nonvolatile and has lower cost per bit stored. It operates generally at slower speed than primary storage. Computer system uses it primarily to store large volume of data on permanent basis. Commonly used storage devices are hard disk, CD ROM, DVD, memory card and Pen drive. Section C: Long Questions (20 marks) 1. Explain the printing mechanism of laser printer. Mechanism of Laser Printers: Transfer of Data The very first step in laser printing is the transfer of data from a computer to the memory of the image processor of a printer. Writing Data Now, once the data is transferred to the printer’s memory, it is written to the printer’s drum with the help of a laser. The drum will keep rotating and the moment it rotates past the laser, it sweeps off the printer’s surface neutralizing some spots to about -100v. These spots are the areas where the toner remains stuck to the drum and further gets transferred to the paper. Inserting the Paper and Pickup Process of the Toner Once the writing process is over, you need to add papers to the printer. Keep the papers into the printer’s paper tray. The feed rollers inside the printer pull the paper inside and the registration rollers hold it till its release. As the drum keeps on rotating, the toner settles down in an area which is at a charge of about -100v and remains attached to the drum till the paper comes in. Transfer of the Toner to the Paper Now, the complete toned image is created on the drum. The moment you apply the paper to the printer, the toner transfer process starts. The transfer corona applies a charge of about +600v to the paper and when the paper passes through the drum, the toner which is at a charge of about -100v gets transferred to the paper. Further, the paper passes through a static charge eliminator that decreases the positive charge in the paper, with the help of its negative charge. Fusing The process of fusion takes place in order to secure the printout by melting the minute plastic fragments present on the toner’s surface, so as to fix them to the paper fibers. Laser printers are handy when it comes to fast, bulk and quality printing. But high prices and some health risks such as respiratory disorders due to the release of some harmful sub-micrometer particles are some of the disadvantages associated with laser printing. However, this kind of printer still remains the first choice for most of the organizations when it comes to printing. 2. Explain the importance of system software for a computer system. System Software is a set of programs that manage the resources of a compute system. System Software is a collection of system programs that perform a variety of functions. You read "Fundamentals of Computer" in category "Papers" * File Editing * Resource Accounting * I/O Management * Storage, Memory Management access management. System Software can be broadly classified into three types as: System control programs: It Controls the execution of programs, anage the storage processing resources of the computer perform other management monitoring function. The most important of these programs is the operating system. Other examples are database management systems (DBMS) communication monitors. System support programs: It provide routine service functions to the other computer programs computer users: E. g. Utilities, libraries, performance monitors job accounting. System development programs assists in the creation of application programs. E. g. , language translators such as BASIC interpreter application generators. Application Software: It performs specific tasks for the computer user. Application software is a program which program written for, or, by, a user to perform a particular job. Languages already available for microcomputers include Clout, Q A and Savvy ret rival. The use of natural language touches on expert systems, computerized collections of the knowledge of many human experts in a given field, and artificial intelligence, independently smart computer systems – two topics that are receiving much attention and development and will continue to do so in the future. 1. Operating System Software Storage Manager Process Manager File – System Manager I/O Control System Communication Manager 2. Standard System Software Language Processor Loaders Software Tools 3. Application Software Sort/Merge Package Payroll/Accounting Package DBMS General-purpose application software such as electronic spreadsheet has a wide variety of applications. Specific – purpose application s/w such as payroll sales analysis is used for the application for which it is designed. Section D: Applied Theory (40 marks) 1. What is a computer virus? How does a typical virus works? When a computer system suffers from virus infection, how it is cured? Defenition: Computer virus is a small software programs that are designed by human to spread from one computer to another and to interfere with normal computer operations. Work of Typical virus: The A computer virus is most often defined as â€Å"a malicious code of computer programming†. What this means is that a computer virus is just another software, written with not so very noble intentions. A computer virus is designed to install, propagate and cause damage to computer files and data without the knowledge and/or express permission of the user. A computer virus can only survive, attack and propagate in computer memory. Computer memory is usually the RAM (and all different variations of it) and disk storage (hard, floppy and everything in between). Besides this you will not find computer viruses in your monitor, keyboard and certainly not in your own blood stream! The first step in any virus attack is always the invasion. This is when the virus actually enters the computer system from an outside source. Much of the effort in preventing a virus attack lies in understanding what these virus entry points are and how best to monitor and block out any possible intrusion. All viruses enter the computer system through two main entry points: the disk network adapter card is most likely your computer network and/or modem card connected to the local Intranet and/or the Internet. Virus enters through the network card most likely disguised in the form of attachments in e-mails. These attachments are often program files and office documents containing macros. Besides this, certain webpages that we visit on the Internet may also contain harmful programming codes that might transfer virus or virus-like codes into our system. To guard our systems against virus intrusion from these sources, many good anti-virus programs allows users to completely scan all files read form disk drives or downloaded from the Intranet/Internet. How do virus infections occur? The act of infection often begins with a harmless looking action such as opening a file (like a video game or a Word document) that one often gets in e-mail attachments or while accessing any disk in a disk drive. These actions inadvertently activate the virus lurking in these files and disks. The virus then installs itself into the computer’s memory. Computer system suffering from virus infection: After entering the computer memory, a virus often immediately sets out to multiply and spread duplicate copies of itself across the main data storage device (most often the hard disk drive). It does this by copying itself into as many files it can find on the disk drive. Later when users transfers or copies these files to their friends and colleagues, the virus gain entry into ever increasing number of systems. If the virus has found its way to this level of the user’s computer, the user runs a high risk of permanent damage to data and hardware. But such a level of infection only happens to two types of users. The first are those who do not employ any kind of anti-virus measures (or if they do, it obviously isn’t doing a good job). The second are those who do have good anti-virus programs installed and running but did not bother updating their software with the latest virus data files. As a result newer viruses can actually use the anti-virus programs to infect an even greater number of files. So we can see here that having good anti-virus software isn’t enough. One must constantly keep it updated (preferably on a monthly basis). If a virus were to just spread itself, users might not have much to worry about. But the worst is yet to come. Many viruses contain what is called a payload. This is the destructive sequence that is activated on a certain trigger. The trigger may be the arrival of a particular date or an action done by the user. The effect of the payload can be anything as benign as some harmless message appearing on screen to as frightening as the destruction of the disk drive’s boot record – making it completely unusable and in most cases completely irreparable. Indeed it is the later that causes permanent lose of data and hardware and which is responsible for the virus’ notorious reputation. If a virus is capable of unleashing its payload on the user’s system, this indicates a serious breach of security on part of the user. It’s time for the user to learn from the experience and never let computer virus have a second chance. How do I know if my computer has been infected? After you open and run an infected program or attachment on your computer, you might not realize that you’ve introduced a virus until you notice something isn’t quite right. Here are a few indicators that your computer  might  be infected: * Your computer runs more slowly than normal * Your computer stops responding or freezes often Your computer crashes and restarts every few minutes * Your computer restarts on its own and then fails to run normally * Applications on your computer don’t work correctly * Disks or disk drives are inaccessible * You can’t print correctly * You see unusual error messages * You see distorted menus and dialog boxes How to Cure: R emove a virus manually: Sometimes a virus must be removed manually. This can become a technical process that you should only undertake if you have experience with the  Windows  registry and know how to view and delete system and program files in  Windows. First, identify the virus by name by running your antivirus program. If you don’t have an antivirus program or if your program doesn’t detect the virus, you might still be able to identify it by looking for clues about how it behaves. Write down the words in any messages it displays or, if you received the virus in email, write down the subject line or name of the file attached to the message. Then search an antivirus vendor’s website for references to what you wrote down to try to find the name of the virus and instructions for how to remove it. Recovery and prevention: After the virus is removed, you might need to reinstall some software or restore lost information. Doing regular backups on your files can help you avoid data loss if your computer becomes infected again. If you haven’t kept backups in the past, we recommend that you start now. 3. Write short notes on: (a) The OSI model (b) Internetworking tools (c) Distributed computing systems (a) The OSI model The Open System Interconnection, model defines a networking framework to implement protocols in seven layers. This article explains the 7 Layers of the OSI Model. The  OSI, or  Open  System  Interconnection, model defines a networking framework to implement protocols in seven layers. Control is passed from one layer to the next, starting at the application layer in one station, and proceeding to the bottom layer, over the channel to the next station and back up the hierarchy. a. Application Layer This layer supports  application  and end-user processes. Communication partners are identified, quality of service is identified, user authentication and privacy are considered, and any constraints on data  syntax  are identified. Everything at this layer is application-specific. This layer provides application services for  file transfers,  e-mail, and other  network  software  services. Telnet  and  FTP  are applications that exist entirely in the application level. Tiered application architectures are part of this layer. b. Presentation Layer This layer provides independence from differences in data representation (e. g. ,  encryption) by translating from application to network format, and vice versa. The presentation layer works to transform data into the form that the application layer can accept. This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent across a  network, providing freedom from compatibility problems. It is sometimes called the syntax layer. c. Session Layer This layer establishes, manages and terminates connections between  applications. The session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and dialogues between the applications at each end. It deals with session and connection coordination. d. Transport Layer This layer provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or  hosts, and is responsible for end-to-end error recovery and  flow control. It ensures complete data transfer. e. Network Layer This layer provides  switching  and  routing  technologies, creating logical paths, known as  virtual circuits, for transmitting data from  node  to node. Routing and forwarding are functions of this layer, as well as  addressing,  internetworking, error handling, congestion  control and packet sequencing. f. Data Link Layer At this layer, data packets are  encoded  and decoded into bits. It furnishes  transmission protocol  knowledge and management and handles errors in the physical layer, flow control and frame synchronization. The data link layer is divided into two sub layers: The Media Access Control (MAC) layer and the  Logical Link Control  (LLC) layer. The MAC sub layer controls how a computer on the network gains access to the data and permission to transmit it. The LLC layer controls frame synchronization, flow control and error checking. g. Physical Layer 1 This layer conveys the bit stream – electrical impulse, light or radio signal through the  network  at the electrical and mechanical level. It provides the  hardware  means of sending and receiving data on a carrier, including defining cables, cards and physical aspects. b) Internetworking tools The art and science of connecting individual  local-area networks (LANs)  to create  wide-area networks (WANs), and connecting WANs to form even larger WANs. Internetworking can be extremely complex because it generally involves connecting networks that use different  protocols. Internetworking is accomplished ith  routers,  bridges, and  gateways. Routers: It is a  device  that forwards data  packets  along  networks. A router is connected to at least two networks, commonly two  LANs  or  WANs  or a LAN and its  ISP  network. Routers are located at  gateways, the places where two or more networks connect. Routers use  headers  and forwarding tables to determine the best path for forwarding the packets, and they use  protocols  such as  ICMP  to communicate with each other and configure the best route between any two hosts. Bridges: It is a  device  that connects two  local-area networks (LANs), or two segments of the same LAN that use the same  protocol, such as  Ethernet  or  Token-Ring. Gateways: It is a  node  on a  network  that serves as an entrance to another network. In enterprises, the gateway is the computer that  routes  the traffic from a workstation  to the outside network that is serving the Web pages. In homes, the gateway is the  ISP  that connects the user to the internet. In enterprises, the gateway node often acts as a  proxy server  and a  firewall. The gateway is also associated with both a  router, which use  headers  and forwarding tables to determine where  packets  are sent, and a  switch, which provides the actual path for the packet in and out of the gateway. A computer system located on earth that switches data signals and voice signals between satellites and  terrestrial  networks. An earlier term for  router, though now obsolete in this sense as  router  is commonly used. c) Distributed computing systems A distributed computer system consists of multiple software components that are on multiple computers, but run as a single system. The computers that are in a distributed system can be physically close together and connected by a local network, or they can be geographically distant and connected by a wide area network. A distributed s ystem can consist of any number of possible configurations, such as mainframes, personal computers, workstations, minicomputers, and so on. The goal of distributed computing is to make such a network work as a single computer. Distributed systems offer many benefits over centralized systems, including the following: Scalability The system can easily be expanded by adding more machines as needed. Redundancy Several machines can provide the same services, so if one is unavailable, work does not stop. Additionally, because many smaller machines can be used, this redundancy does not need to be prohibitively expensive. Distributed computing systems can run on hardware that is provided by many vendors, and can use a variety of standards-based software components. Such systems are independent of the underlying software. They can run on various operating systems, and can use various communications protocols. Some hardware might use UNIX(R)  as the operating system, while other hardware might use Windows operating systems. For inter machine communications, this hardware can use SNA or TCP/IP on Ethernet or Token Ring. This system contains two local area networks (LANs) that are connected to each other. One LAN consists of UNIX workstations from several different manufacturers; the other LAN consists primarily of PCs that are running several different PC operating systems. One of the LANs is also connected to a mainframe by way of an SNA connection. The client/server model A common way of organizing software to run on distributed systems is to separate functions into two parts: clients and servers. A  client  is a program that uses services that other programs provide. The programs that provide the services are called  servers. The client makes a request for a service, and a server performs that service. Server functions often require some resource management, in which a server synchronizes and manages access to the resource, and responds to client requests with either data or status information. Client programs typically handle user interactions and often request data or initiate some data modification on behalf of a user. For example, a client can provide a form onto which a user (a person working at a data entry terminal, for example) can enter orders for a product. The client sends this order information to the server, which checks the product database and performs tasks that are needed for billing and shipping. Typically, multiple clients use a single server. For example, dozens or hundreds of clients can interact with a few servers that control database access. The client is isolated from the need to know anything about the actual resource manager. If you change the database that you are using, the server possibly needs to be modified, but the client does not need to be modified. Because usually fewer copies exist of the server than of the client, and because the servers are often in locations that are easier to update (for example, on central machines instead of on PCs that are running on users’ desks), the update procedure is also simplified. Also, this approach provides additional security. Only the servers, not the clients, need access to the data that the resource manager controls. Clients can also access several different servers, and the servers themselves can act as clients to other servers. Exactly how the functions are distributed across servers is an application design decision. For example, a single server could provide all the services that a client needs, or the client could access multiple servers to perform different requests. The application designer must consider items such as scalability, location, and security. For example, are the clients and servers local or is the application distributed over a wide geographic area? Do the servers need to be on machines that are physically secure? Such design decisions are outside the scope of this introduction. Some servers are part of an application and are referred to as  application servers. Other servers are not part of a specific application. Instead, any application can use them. For example, the CICS Structured File Server (SFS) provides record-oriented file access for applications. Three-tiered client/server architecture A common design of client/server systems uses three tiers: 1. A client that interacts with the user 2. An application server that contains the business logic of the application 3. A resource manager that stores data. How to cite Fundamentals of Computer, Papers